ASCII HTML Reference Chart

Ryan — Wed, 18 May 2011 17:05:34 +0000

ASCII is a 7-bit character set containing 128 characters and stands for the “American Standard Code for Information Interchange”. It was designed in the early 1960′s as a standard character set for computers and hardware devices. It contains the numbers from 0-9, the uppercase and lowercase English letters from A to Z, and some special characters.

ASCII HTML Code Reference Chart
ASCII Character	HTML Code	Description
		space
!	!	exclamation mark
"	"	quotation mark
#	#	number sign
$	$	dollar sign
%	%	percent sign
&	&	ampersand
‘	'	apostrophe
(	(	left parenthesis
)	)	right parenthesis
*	*	asterisk
+	+	plus sign
,	,	comma
-	-	hyphen
.	.	period
/	/	slash
0	0	digit 0
1	1	digit 1
2	2	digit 2
3	3	digit 3
4	4	digit 4
5	5	digit 5
6	6	digit 6
7	7	digit 7
8	8	digit 8
9	9	digit 9
:	:	colon
;	;	semicolon
<	<	less-than
=	=	equals-to
>	>	greater-than
?	?	question mark
@	@	at sign
A	A	uppercase A
B	B	uppercase B
C	C	uppercase C
D	D	uppercase D
E	E	uppercase E
F	F	uppercase F
G	G	uppercase G
H	H	uppercase H
I	I	uppercase I
J	J	uppercase J
K	K	uppercase K
L	L	uppercase L
M	M	uppercase M
N	N	uppercase N
O	O	uppercase O
P	P	uppercase P
Q	Q	uppercase Q
R	R	uppercase R
S	S	uppercase S
T	T	uppercase T
U	U	uppercase U
V	V	uppercase V
W	W	uppercase W
X	X	uppercase X
Y	Y	uppercase Y
Z	Z	uppercase Z
[	[	left square bracket
\	\	backslash
]	]	right square bracket
^	^	caret
_	_	underscore
`	`	grave accent
a	a	lowercase a
b	b	lowercase b
c	c	lowercase c
d	d	lowercase d
e	e	lowercase e
f	f	lowercase f
g	g	lowercase g
h	h	lowercase h
i	i	lowercase i
j	j	lowercase j
k	k	lowercase k
l	l	lowercase l
m	m	lowercase m
n	n	lowercase n
o	o	lowercase o
p	p	lowercase p
q	q	lowercase q
r	r	lowercase r
s	s	lowercase s
t	t	lowercase t
u	u	lowercase u
v	v	lowercase v
w	w	lowercase w
x	x	lowercase x
y	y	lowercase y
z	z	lowercase z
{	{	left curly brace
\|	\|	vertical bar
}	}	right curly brace
~	~	tilde

Remove Windows carriage returns with tr

Ryan — Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:46:17 +0000

The end of a line in a UNIX text file is designated with the newline character. In Windows, a line ends with both newline and carriage return ASCII characters. If a file is saved in Windows and then moved to a Linux system these carriage returns can cause all sorts of problems. If the text file is a BASH script for example it will not run correctly since it doesn’t know how to interpret these characters.

You can verify that a text file has these Windows carriage returns by running the cat command with the ‘-v‘ option which shows the non-printing characters.

$ cat -v inputfile | head

first line^M
second line^M

You can see the carriage return characters, “^M” (Cntl-M).

CRLF = Carriage Return Line Feed

There are various was to remove these carriage returns. You can use the dos2unix command but this is rarely installed by default on a a Linux system. The easiest way then is to use the “tr” command utility which always comes standard.

The command uses the tr command which translates and removes characters. This will remove the carriage return characters.

$ tr -d '\r' < inputfile > outputfile

You can verify they are really gone by running the same cat command again.

$ cat -v outputfile | head

first line
second line

You can also run the file command.

$ file inputfile

inputfile:             ASCII text

Optionally you can now overwrite the original file.

$ mv outputfile inputfile

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ASCII HTML Reference Chart

Remove Windows carriage returns with tr